Little is known about the origins of the Brown Book of Ludwig Wittgenstein. One of his better-known texts, it was first published in print in 1958 and is based on notes that Wittgenstein had dictated to two of his pupils, Francis Skinner and Alice Ambrose, at Cambridge University during the academic year of 1934 – 35. The present paper examines some of the few extant remarks by Wittgenstein and others about the circumstances from which the text emerged against the backdrop (...) of various source materials, including a set of handwritten and typed notes that belong to a collection of Ambrose’s papers at Cambridge University Library. (shrink)

Cartesianism constitutes a particular and crucial moment in the history of the relations between the aims of philosophy and feminist claims. This is explained by theoretical reasons (the new Cartesian science posits a human being that is fundamentally non-sexual and ungendered) and by practical reasons (the importance of the philosophical vocations for women and the feminist vocations for men that Cartesianism has permitted). Recent readings of Descartes (which see him either as a misogynist or as a philogynist) show that the (...) theoretical connections between Cartesianism and feminism are strong: Cartesianism powerfully questions the relation of women to philosophy, both as subjects and as philosophical objects. (shrink)

Some studies highlighted that patients with narcolepsy type-1 experience high lucid dream frequency, and this phenomenon has been associated with a creative personality. Starting from the well-known “pandemic effect” on sleep and dreaming, we presented a picture of dream activity in pharmacologically treated NT1 patients during the Italian lockdown. Forty-three NT1 patients completed a web-survey during Spring 2021 and were compared with 86 matched-controls. Statistical comparisons revealed that: NT1 patients showed greater sleepiness than controls; controls showed higher sleep disturbances than (...) NT1 patients, and this result disappeared when the medication effect in NT1 was controlled; NT1 patients reported higher lucid dream frequency than controls. Focusing on dreaming in NT1 patients, we found that nightmare frequency was correlated with female gender, longer sleep duration, higher intrasleep wakefulness; dream recall, nightmare and lucid dream frequency were positively correlated with sleepiness. Comparisons between low and high NT1 lucid dreamers showed that patients more frequently experiencing lucid dreams reported a greater influence of dreaming during wakefulness, especially concerning problem-solving and creativity. Overall, our results are consistent with previous studies on pandemic dreaming carried out on healthy subjects. Moreover, we confirmed a link between lucidity and creativity in NT1 patients. Considering the small sample size and the cross-sectional design, our findings cannot provide a causal relationship between lucid dreams and the COVID-19 lockdown. Nevertheless, they represent a first contribution to address future studies on this issue, suggesting that some stable characteristics could interact with changes provoked by the pandemic. (shrink)

English summary: This book examines the philosophy of Elisabeth of Bohemia in conjunction with Descartess. She maintained a philosophical dialogue with another philosopher employing pertinent arguments. In addition, she perhaps developed her own theses, truly philosophical theses which can be better understood in consideration with her numerous correspondents. The study seeks to better understand Elisabeths role in Cartesian thought, and to determine her own philosophical thought. French description: Le titre meme de ce volume, sous forme d'interrogation, est a comprendre comme (...) un postulat. Il s'explique comme suit : il s'agit de s'interroger sur la pensee philosophique d'Elisabeth tout autant que sur celle de Descartes. La reflexion d'Elisabeth semble en effet posseder une dimension philosophique a deux titres au moins : d'abord parce que la princesse entretient un dialogue philosophique de haute tenue avec un autre philosophe, en deployant des arguments pertinents; ensuite parce qu'elle developpe peut-etre elle-meme des theses qui lui sont personnelles, qui seraient des theses au sens fort et pleinement philosophique du terme, et dont l'etude pourrait etre affinee par la prise en consideration de ses tres nombreux autres correspondants. Reste un scrupule : celui de trahir le souhait meme d'Elisabeth de cantonner ses echanges intellectuels au plan prive, en la propulsant en pleine lumiere et en lui faisant endosser une posture philosophique qu'elle a soigneusement evitee de son vivant. Qu'on songe qu'elle voulait que cet echange soit code! Mais comme le premier traitre fut Descartes lui-meme, transmettant les lettres d'Elisabeth a Christine de Suede, considerons-nous comme habilites, en bons cartesiens, a divulguer la pensee de la princesse palatine. C'est a ce prix en effet, que nous pourrons redefinir le role de cette derniere dans le cartesianisme, determiner s'il existe une pensee propre d'Elisabeth et enfin, si elle existe, savoir en quoi elle consiste. (shrink)

This paper proposes communities of practice (CoP) as a process to build moral resilience in healthcare settings. We introduce the starting point of moral distress that arises from ethical challenges when actions of the healthcare professional are constrained. We examine how situations such as the current COVID-19 pandemic can exponentially increase moral distress in healthcare professionals. Then, we explore how moral resilience can help cope with moral distress. We propose the term collective moral resilience to capture the shared capacity arising (...) from mutual engagement and dialogue in group settings, towards responding to individual moral distress and towards building an ethical practice environment. Finally, we look at CoPs in healthcare and explore how these group experiences can be used to build collective moral resilience. (shrink)

L'article propose d'appliquer les critères de la radicalité tels qu'ils sont définis par Jonathan Israel à un philosophe, François Poulain de la Barre, afin d'éprouver la validité et la pertinence de ces critères, censés définir des groupes de penseurs fondateurs des Lumières dites radicales. Poulain de la Barre, premier féministe « moderne », est en effet mobilisé par trois fois par Israel, mais subit un sort curieux. Cette étude de cas montre que la cohérence des critères nécessaires pour définir le (...) radical peut être discutée, notamment à partir d'un examen critique du dernier paragraphe du Traité politique de Spinoza. (shrink)

Agostino d’Ippona è stato un punto di riferimento costante nella produzione filosofica arendtiana, a partire dalla dissertazione di dottorato del 1928, intitolata Il concetto d’amore in Agostino, fino alle ultime pagine scritte prima di morire, e dedicate alla trattazione della volontà. Il segno più evidente di questo rapporto è costituito da una frase del De civitate Dei, « initium ut esset creatus est homo, ante quem nullus fuit» sulla quale Hannah Arendt fonda il proprio concetto di libertà, intesa come la (...) capacità dell’uomo di “essere” un nuovo inizio. Attraverso questo concetto H. Arendt tenta di restituire all’uomo il senso della propria irriducibile unicità, contro i tentativi del potere di rendere ogni individuo “superfluo”. A monte dell’interesse per Agostino vi sono, però, anche ragioni di carattere biografico, se è vero che la donna conobbe Agostino attraverso la mediazione, umana e intellettuale, del suo maestro Martin Heidegger. (shrink)

Malebranche interroge le mystère de l’Incarnation par un biais très particulier, celui de « l’in-animation » de Dieu. En s’incarnant, Dieu se dote en effet d’une âme et pas seulement d’un corps. Or, dès lors qu’il est pourvu d’une âme humaine, le Christ en éprouve les limitations. Certes, celles-ci sont consenties et illustrent la volonté d’endosser véritablement la condition humaine, mais elles ont des conséquences surprenantes. Elles expliquent en dernier ressort le nombre important des hommes qui n’entreront pas dans le (...) temple céleste, puisque le Christ le construit au moyen de son âme qui pense de manière finie. On arrive ainsi au paradoxe d’un Dieu qui s’incarne pour sauver les hommes et que cette opération rend impuissant à le faire. L’obscurité de l’âme christique joue donc un rôle central dans la théodicée malebranchiste. (shrink)

Propongo una explicación sobre el concepto de ética de la ciu- dad respecto a la sociedad en la que vivimos. El artículo se enfoca en resaltar el contraste social y urbanístico, que se generó y sigue creciendo en Argentina de manera puntual en Buenos Aires, respecto a las villas miseria. En específico se tratan las diferencias entre la Villa 31,el barrio pobre, y Puerto Madero,el barrio rico, dos realidades tan distintas como tan similares que viven codo a codo.

Rotating shifts are common among nurses to ensure continuity of care. This scheduling system encompasses several adverse health and performance consequences. One of the most injurious effects of night-time shift work is the deterioration of sleep patterns due to both circadian rhythm disruption and increased sleep homeostatic pressure. Sleep problems lead to secondary effects on other aspects of wellbeing and cognitive functioning, increasing the risk of errors and workplace accidents. A wide range of interventions has been proposed to improve the (...) sleep quality of nurses and promote an increase in attention levels. In recent years, particular attention has been paid to individual and environmental factors mediating the subjective ability to cope with sleep deprivation during the night shift. Given the predictive role of these factors on the negative impact of a night shift, an individualized intervention could represent an effective countermeasure by ensuring suitable management of shift schedules. Therefore, the aims of this mini-review are to: provide an updated overview of the literature on sleep problems in night shift nurses and their adverse consequences; and critically analyze the psychosocial factors that mediate the negative impact of shift work with the ultimate goal of defining an effective countermeasure based on an individualized approach. (shrink)

Este trabajo tiene por objeto exponer la problemática de la trata de seres humanos en España, mostrando cómo algunos de los elementos que están presentes en la normativa y los planes de actuación, no resultan adecuados a la hora de afrontar este fenómeno desde una perspectiva de respeto a los derechos humanos de las víctimas. Para ello, tras la definición del concepto y su diferenciación con figuras afines, se procederá a hacer un repaso por las exigencias que derivan de la (...) legislación internacional, determinando posteriormente el grado de adecuación del ordenamiento español a las mismas, así como las carencias detectadas. A continuación, se analizará el mecanismo de identificación de las víctimas tal y como está estipulado en España, resaltando sus posibles efectos adversos en relación con los procesos de victimización secundaria. Por último, y sobre la base del estudio comparado de los ordenamientos de siete países europeos, se procede a hacer una serie de recomendaciones que podrían suponer una mejora de la situación de las víctimas, al tiempo que acercarían al Estado español a sus compromisos internacionales en esta materia. (shrink)

En el presente trabajo me propongo analizar la doctrina de la responsabilidad de proteger, estudiando para ello sus características esenciales, así como las distintas dimensiones que la integran, y la utilidad de cada una de ellas. Además, llevo a cabo un análisis pormenorizado de su aplicación a partir de dos estudios de caso, en los que desgrano las flaquezas de la doctrina, tal y cómo se ha configurado hasta la actualidad, con el propósito de exponer aquellos puntos en los que (...) cabe su mejora. Pese a tales propuestas de mejora, el presente trabajo está encaminado a fomentar el impulso y desarrollo de una doctrina que, de emplearse correctamente, puede contribuir a proteger a las poblaciones civiles de crímenes atroces. (shrink)

A l'occasion du soixante-dixieme anniversaire de Jacques Brunschwig, certains de ses disciples, amis et collegues, se sont reunis pour lui dedier un volume d'hommage.L'ouvrage s'ouvre par un entretien avec le recipiendaire, dans lequel celui-ci retrace les principales etapes de sa carriere et donne sans detour son avis sur quelques-unes des grandes questions de sa discipline (par exemple: pourquoi la faiblesse persistante des etudes aristoteliciennes en France?).Les contributions ont ete demandees a des specialistes des domaines dans lesquels Jacques Brunschwig s'est particulierement (...) illustre: pensee grecque classique (Platon et Aristote) et philosophie hellenistique.Le retentissement international du travail de Jacques Brunschwig est bien marque par le fait qu'un grand nombre des contributions du volume est du a des plumes anglo-saxonnes.L'ouvrage s'acheve sur un temoignage personnel de Pierre Vidal-Naquet. (shrink)

I will take a famous paragraph from J S. Mill as a starting point for defending the idea that moral philosophy has to take charge definitively of those who have been less fortunate in the natural lottery. This means that we must to take seriously the possibility of increasing the capacity for the well-being of nonhuman animals. The aim of the text is to show the relevance of the current ethical debate on enhancement also in the context of reflection on (...) our obligations towards sensitive non-human animals. (shrink)

Resumen¿Podemos afirmar que una muerte indolora supone un daño para el individuo que muere? En este artículo se analiza el criterio más utilizado para responder afirmativamente a la pregunta. Un criterio que insiste en la necesidad de tener un interés por seguir viviendo. En el artículo pregunto si la autoconciencia requerida para la presencia del citado interés puede ser realmente condición necesaria en un análisis adecuado del daño de la muerte.Palabras claveMuerte, animales no humanos, autoconciencia,análisis privacionistaAbstractCan we say that a (...) painless death harms the individual who dies? This paper examines the criterion more frequently used to respond affirmatively to this question. It’s an approach that emphasizesthe need to have an interest in staying alive. Here I ask if the self-awarenessrequired for the presence of such interest may actually be a necessary condition in a proper analysis of the harm of death.KeywordsDeath, non human animals, self-awareness, deprivationist analys. (shrink)

We have no means of telling whether the ancient Greeks connected the onset of malaria with mosquito bites. Other peoples had done so, even before Manson's discoveries. But all we know of popular Greek ideas and beliefs comes down to us filtered through 'scientific' texts. In these texts (where imagination is tempered by rationality) fever is explained as a result of the body's mismanagement of the humours. The conceptual framework of Greek medical thought thus excludes a priori any relationship between (...) fever and the mosquito. (shrink)

Longtemps réfractaire à l’action apostolique des femmes, l’Église catholique s’est réformée à l’époque moderne grâce aux efforts de femmes d’exception qui ont multiplié les fondations d’ordres et de monastères nouveaux ou introduit la stricte observance de la Règle dans les communautés anciennes. Ces religieuses n’ont pu le faire qu’au prix d’incessants voyages qui ont mené certaines jusqu’aux confins du royaume et en Nouvelle-France dans des conditions rendues difficiles par leur statut de femmes encloses. En voyage, les religieuses doivent rester, envers (...) et contre tout, des “ épouses de Christ ” vouées à une vie intérieure et souffrante que détaille une littérature hagiographique ou autobiographique abondante. (shrink)

Dans une société où le vêtement doit rendre visibles toutes les hiérarchies sociales, le port par les femmes de tout ou partie du costume masculin, a longtemps été considéré comme une atteinte grave aux commandements divins, avant d’être condamné par la loi civile et la morale dominante. Pour celles qui osèrent s’habiller en hommes, le transvestisme fut d’abord un moyen de survie : déguisement des persécutées et des amoureuses, habillement commode des pauvresses et des patriotes. Il leur permit aussi de (...) rendre visibles des revendications de liberté physique, d’égalité économique et de dépassement du cadre binaire des relations de sexe. Images de subversion politique et/ou d’affirmation d’une identité sexuelle non conforme. (shrink)

Peu d’ouvrages publiés par des universitaires sur un sujet apparemment universitaire auront fait autant de bruit que celui de Sylvain Gouguenheim, intitulé Aristote au Mont Saint-Michel. Les racines grecques de l’Europe. Si le point de départ de cet intérêt extraordinaire a peut-être été la recension parue dans le journal Le Monde,..

This article examines our moral obligations to refugees and stateless people. I argue that in order to understand our moral obligations to stateless people, both de jure refugees and de facto stateless people, we ought to reconceptualize the harm of statelessness as entailing both a legal/political harm (the loss of citizenship) and an ontological harm, a deprivation of certain fundamental human qualities. To do this, I draw on the work of Hannah Arendt and show that the ontological deprivation has three (...) distinct though interconnected elements: a reduction to the merely human or bare life, a separation from the common realm of humanity and abandonment, and the diminishment of agency or ability to act in the Arendtian sense. If we pull apart the legal/political harm of statelessness from the ontological harm, we are better able to see that we can address some of the features of the ontological deprivation even though we may not be able to rectify the political harm. I conclude this article by discussing some suggestions that follow from a recognition of the reality and harm of the ontological deprivation. (shrink)

Nicolas Malebranche looks at the phenomena of imaginative contagion up to the point of madness, as in the case of the visions of sorcerers and werewolves. Although Malebranche relies on a psycho-physiological description, it becomes obvious that the responsibility for such contagions is not to be attributed to those who were expected to be the cause, that is would-be sorcerers, but to those who picked up on their deeds and gave them some importance. It is therefore the material conditions of (...) these stories and the use made by them of the social and intellectual authorities that should be underlined. In the final analysis, the Malebranchian reflexion on imaginative contagion is a critique of the writers of such stories and of the anxiety they may produce in their readers' minds. At this point, the general explanatory schema according to which a contagion is due to the action of a strong imagination upon a weaker one is no longer relevant. For as regards the writer, given that he is impressed by the visionary's tales and has himself a strong imagination, this makes him all the more responsible for what he writes. (shrink)

In the 17th century the dissemination of philosophical ideas relied also on the critical summaries and reviews published by the journals. The focus of this paper is the reactions of two of these journals – the Journal de Trévoux, edited by the Jesuits of the Parisian Collège Louis Le Grand, and the Journal des Sçavans – to Condillac’s works. The Jesuit journal, under the direction of pére Berthier – probably himself the author of the reviews – had a precise plan (...) in presenting Condillac’s philosophy as an anti-empiricist and anti-materialist doctrine, sometime giving a misrepresentation of the author’s thought, which is also criticized on some points. The decision of the Journal de Trévoux to review the main works of Condillac is anyway worthy of attention, and probably betrays a certain interest toward the more up to date philosophical enquiry. The Journal des Sçavans was on the other hand more faithful in presenting Condillac’s works. (shrink)

Marie-Frédérique Pellegrin | : Poulain de la Barre fait un usage original des procédés d’inversion tels qu’on les trouve en littérature et en philosophie, afin de démontrer l’égalité des sexes. Chez lui, l’inversion des valeurs ne vise pas seulement à remettre en cause le bien-fondé de la domination masculine et à louer une supériorité féminine en matière de moeurs et d’intelligence. Cette inversion entend abolir toute hiérarchisation entre les sexes. Tout d’abord l’auteur émancipe le genre du sexe. Ensuite il (...) prône un efféminage de tous les êtres humains. Le concept d’efféminage que nous forgeons est à distinguer de celui d’efféminement, qui implique l’idée d’une féminisation au sens d’une inclination vers des valeurs considérées comme féminines d’un point de vue culturel. L’efféminage est une prescription morale et sociale à devenir femme au sens d’un retour à l’état prélapsaire parfait dont les femmes sont plus héritières que les hommes car elles ont moins été touchées par le péché originel. L’efféminage ne consiste donc pas à devenir femme au sens d’une simple féminisation — sociale — des moeurs. L’efféminage fait signe vers l’égalité et non vers une supériorité féminine que sous-entend l’impératif d’efféminement. Le concept d’efféminage permet donc de penser, de manière explicite, le genre contre le sexe, non pas comme inversion mais comme construction ou plutôt reconstruction d’une autre nature humaine. | : Poulain de la Barre made original use of methods of inversion such as are found in literature and in philosophy, in order to demonstrate the equality of the sexes. In his work, the inversion of values is aimed not only at calling into question the legitimacy of male dominance and at praising feminine superiority in matters of morals and intelligence. It is an attempt to abolish any organization of the sexes into a hierarchy. In the first place, the author liberates gender from sex. Next, he advocates the “efféminage” of all human beings. The concept of “efféminage” that we are constructing here is to be distinguished from that of “efféminement”, which implies the idea of feminization in the sense of an inclination toward values considered feminine from a cultural perspective. “Efféminage” is a moral and social prescription to become a woman in the sense of a return to the perfect prelapsarian state of which women are more properly the inheritors because they have been less affected by original sin. “Efféminage” does not then consist in becoming a woman in the sense of a simple social feminization of morals. “Efféminage” gestures toward equality and not toward the feminine superiority implied by the imperative of “efféminement”. The concept of “efféminage” allows us then to think explicitly about gender in distinction with sex, not as an inversion but as a construction or rather a reconstruction of another human nature. (shrink)

Le philosophe François Poulain de La Barre réfléchit aux conditions nécessaires pour fonder une nouvelle science d'inspiration cartésienne. Parfaite et universelle, celle-ci s'oppose au savoir de type scolastique en remettant en question la distinction traditionnelle entre le savant et le vulgaire. Poulain entend démontrer que la véritable réforme de la science suppose une féminisation de ses acteurs. Les femmes se caractérisent en effet par le désir naturel de se comprendre elles-mêmes, or la véritable science se définit justement comme connaissance de (...) soi-même. Elles ont, de plus, une capacité tout aussi naturelle de la diffuser autour d'elles, capacité qui manque à la plupart des hommes. Avec l'émergence de savantes aux côtés des savants, le sage pourra enfin sortir de son statut ambigu d' « esprit fort ». The philosopher François Poulain de La Barre discussed the conditions that are necessary to found a new science that is inspired by Cartesianism. Since it would be perfect and universal, such a science would contrast with knowing in a scholastic manner by challenging the traditional distinction between the learned and the uneducated. Poulain wished to show that a genuine reform of science presupposes the feminization of its contributors. Women are characterized by a natural desire for self-understanding, and genuine science or knowledge is defined precisely as self-knowledge. Women also have a completely natural capacity for disseminating knowledge -a capacity that is lacking in most men. If learned women appeared sideby-side with learned men, the concept of a wise person would eventually be liberated from its ambiguous association with a 'strong mind'. (shrink)

Cabanis’ enucleation of the notion of instinct in his Rapports du physique et du moral de l’homme articulates through a critique of the use of this notion by Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, who would not have recognised the founding role of physiology in human perceptive and intellectual activity. An analysis of Cabanis’ criticism to Condillac and an investigation of the meaning attributed to the notion of instinct by both philosophers allow to individuate in this notion the expression of two different (...) types of materialism. The different position of Cabanis and Condillac on this notion, in fact, reflects the divergence on a series of notions – e.g. reflexion, sensitivity, habitus – which can be traced back to the different aims of their investigations. In addition to highlighting this basic divergence, this paper aims to bring out – especially referring to Condillac’s Logique – some points of contact, of which Cabanis seems not to have considered, concerning the conception of the human body as ‘organisation physique’. (shrink)

The Aristotelian commentaries by Petrus de Rivo, still unedited, represent a valuable instrument for our understanding of the major trends in the teaching of Aristotle at the fifteenth-century Faculty of Arts at Louvain. We published a preliminary survey of the manuscript material in last year’s issue of this journal, together with an account of the status quaestionis concerning Peter’s biography, works and the historical context of his thought. In the present article, we consider more closely a selection of his commentaries (...) on logic and natural philosophy. First, we offer an overview of Peter’s division of the sciences as expressed in his tractatus prohemiales, particularly those introducing his commentaries on Porphyry’s Isagoge and Aristotle’s Physics. Next, we considers Peter’s explanation of De interpretatione chapter 9, and his exposition of specific parts of Aristotle’s Physics and De anima. (shrink)

Le philosophe doit fournir au législateur les moyens théoriques d'établir dans les cités des constitutions droites, seules à même de rendre les citoyens vertueux, et donc heureux, en les faisant obéir à de bonnes lois. Plutôt que d'instaurer une fois pour toutes une cité "parfaite", il faut, le plus souvent, réformer les institutions existantes et notamment mélanger les aspects positifs des différentes constitutions déviées. Même s'il entend promouvoir la concorde entre les citoyens, Aristote reconnaît le caractère à la fois naturel (...) et parfois bénéfique de la lutte des classes qui empêche une faction de devenir hégémonique. En permettant au législateur d'analyser la réalité sur laquelle il doit travailler, Les Politiques sont le premier traité de science politique."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)